K. Sai Prasaad
Convergence Institute of Media Management and
Information Technology Studies, India
Ramya Raghupathy
Bangalore, India
Legislative elections are held in India every 5 years; and in 2004, the election was held in
four phases between April 20 and May 10. More than 670 million people were eligible to
vote, electing 543 members of the 14th Lok Sabha and seven state legislatures. This case
study is a chronological outline of the public relations activities that a politician,
Raghuveera Reddy, undertook in his quest for a seat in the legislative assembly during the
general election of 2004. He was successfully elected and is currently the minister for
agriculture in the government of Andhra Pradesh. A deep analysis reveals that in India,
like in any other part of the world, playing on people’s emotions and invoking the caste
factor plays a significant role in electoral success.
Keywords: public relations; political PR; PR in India; election PR
Elections in India are at best an elaborate festival and at worst a chaotic democratic
exercise. The Election Commission of India, an independent statutory body set
up under the Indian Constitution, reports to the highest political executive and oversees
the elections. Legislative elections were held in India, the world’s largest democracy,
in four phases between April 20 and May 10, 2004.
More than 670 million people were eligible to vote, electing 543 members of the
14th Lok Sabha (the House of the People, the lower house of the Indian legislature).
On May 13, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party conceded defeat after an unexpectedly
strong showing by the Indian National Congress Party (INC), which although not winning
a majority outright, was able to put together a majority under the direction of the
Gandhi family matriarch, Sonia Gandhi, the Italian-born widow of former Indian
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
However, Gandhi surprised almost all observers by declining to become the new
prime minister, citing the division that her rule would bring. Instead, she asked former
Finance Minister Manmohan Singh, a Western-educated and well-respected international
economist, to take control of the new government. Singh had previously served under INC Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao in the early 1990s, when he was the
architect of India’s first economic liberalization plan that staved off an impending
national monetary crisis.
Along with the parliamentary elections, seven legislatures held elections to state
governments. This case study is a chronological outline of the public relations activities
that a politician, Raghuveera Reddy, undertook in his quest for a seat in the legislative
assembly of the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh during the general
elections of 2004.
On January 2, Raghuveera Reddy’s public relations activities started with the
prelaunch of a walkathon through his constituency of 336 villages. The prelaunch
preparations included posters, announcements on local radio and community loudspeakers,
media relations, and interaction for coverage and preevent activities.
On January 10, the walkathon started with extensive print and electronic media
coverage. The main goal of this walkathon was to position the INC as a farmerfriendly
political party by listening to farmers’ grievances and noting their problems.
This walkathon helped in building a positive public image for the INC because it was
planned and executed prior to the peak campaign season in the hopes of convincing
voters that the INC not only approaches its public at the time of elections but also is
always positioned as a party whose primary concern is people welfare, not party welfare.
The walkathon also helped highlight the problems faced by people in this constituency,
which was the groundwork for creating the party agenda for the elections.
Based on these problems, promises were made. The walkathon ended on a high note
on February 10.
From February 12 to 15, the candidate started a fasting program to oppose the policies
of the previous government, run by the Telugu Desam Party, that supposedly
affected the living of farmers. The fast was a big success, and the candidate’s actions
received maximum print media coverage.
On February 17, Raghuveera Reddy began a series of Panchayat Raj (local selfgovernment)
meetings in the five mandals (districts) of his constituency of
Madakasira. The districts include Agali (15 panchayats), Amarapuram (14
panchayats), Rolla (19 panchayats), Gudibanda (21 panchayats), and Madakasira (25
panchayats). The candidate also undertook village-focused campaigns during which
every panchayat was met and sarpanchs (village executive officers) gave their petitions
to the candidate; both their problems and party goals were discussed in these
meetings. Because the village panchayat is at the grassroots level of our democracy,
this activity was performed to reach every citizen in the constituency. Assurances and
promises were made and all this, again, received a lot of media (local print) coverage.
The candidate embarked on a caste-focused campaign in every village as well, during
which the head and prominent members of every caste and religion were met and
their demands were noted. Once this was done, their support and the support of the
members of their caste and community were promised to the candidate. Thus, they
now had to campaign to all their caste members and to their community so that all their
votes would be diverted toward the INC. This also received media coverage, which in general terms portrayed Raghuveera Reddy as interested in not only the welfare of his
own community but also the general uplifting of all communities.
In March, a youth congress activists meeting was held, during which all of their
demands and petitions were discussed. The youth congress working committee submitted
its report on March 5, which consisted of an agenda for the elections.
The agenda included organizing sports events—the Sriram Reddy Memorial Tournament
(the candidate’s father and an ex-member of Parliament)— and distributing
mementos; cricket sets for college students were also undertaken. There were road
shows and street walk campaigns for the INC, as well as music releases—
audiocassettes about Raghuveera Reddy, songs praising him and the party, and songs
criticizing the Telugu Desam government. The youth working committee managed all
cassette lyrics, music composition, recording, production and performance, and
distribution.
Street plays were arranged, allowing talented youth to capture the attention of voters
and spread the message of the INC. Folk music and folklore were used extensively
as well, with folk songs sung by the Lambani (tribes of Andhra Pradesh) in praise of
the candidate and his family and the social service that the family performs in the constituency.
These were the highlight of the songs. Because such music is a simple,
effective, and known medium of the localities, it was very effective. In addition, election
materials (flags, banners, caps, etc.) were distributed by members of the youth
congress working committee.
The committee also organized a bike rally; 10,000 bike riders went to each village,
making an impact on the voters. This was done to show the kind of support the candidate
had and it was hoped would, thus, have a positive impact on the voters’ minds.
Members of Raghuveera Reddy’s family took part in this rally, including the candidate
himself riding a bike, which made the headlines in the next day’s newspapers.
The popular film director, actor, and comedian Dasari Narayan Rao as well as the
film actress Nagma were asked to entertain the crowd and address the gathering in
public rallies throughout the constituency.
Hari katha (discourse and singing about God) is another effective medium to reach
voters and, thus, they too were coordinated by the youth committees. Mythological
stories and stories about the candidate and his family’s contribution toward society
were narrated in a musical manner.
Raghuveera Reddy’s family also assisted in promoting his candidacy. Health
camps, including a free health camp for the aged and sick, along with social services
were organized by the candidates’family (many of whom are doctors). Free medicine
and treatment were given to the poor and needy. This was done in response to the
health clinic opened by the candidate’s rival and in the hope of recapturing voters’
attention. These received tremendous media coverage.
The family tradition of the candidate is to perform a 3-day festival—Sri Rama
Navami Celebrations—in the constituency. Raghuveera Reddy’s family owns the
Neelakantapuram group of temples where these festivities take place, and people from
throughout the constituency participate in them. On the first day of the event, the fam ily performs free mass marriages in the constituency; this time nearly 500 couples
were married. Gold Mangalsuthras (sacred threads), new clothes for the couples, and
food were provided. Although this is a major event in the constituency and occurs
annually, in 2004 it was held during the time of the elections and, thus, tremendous
mileage was added because of the media coverage. Apart from this there was an addition
to the group of temples. A Saraswathi temple (Goddess of Learning) was inaugurated
by the family, which again received coverage from the press and electronic
media. The family undertook many charity activities during the 3-day festival.
By mid-March it was time for filing the nomination, and loud speakers were used to
spread the news of the candidate’s nomination. Everyone was invited to join him for
filing his nomination on March 15 and pamphlets and bills were distributed.
Raghuveera Reddy lives in Neelakantapuram, a hamlet in Madakasira constituency.
He has both a political and a rural background. So, keeping his background in mind,
the youth committee organized a very different nomination ceremony. He had to travel
nearly 30 km to file his nomination. This he did on a bullock cart. Thousands of such
carts from throughout the constituency followed him, and the crowd was uncontrollable
at the Regional Mandal office. Such a scene was very unique and, thus, the candidate
garnered a lot of coverage for this event.
Madakasira is situated in the Rayalaseema area of the state, in the heart of hardcore
Naxal violence in Andhra Pradesh. There is a lot of violence during elections too.
Opposition party workers attacked the houses of the INC workers, killing them and
burning their houses. With each event, the candidate’s reaction to the violence was
seen on the front page of the major newspapers almost every day. Raghuveera Reddy
went on a Satyagraha near the police station in Madakasira, seeking justice for all the
people who were affected by the election violence.
By April there was also an all-women’s meeting at which the candidate addressed
women in each constituency; this too was highlighted by the media. Various organizations,
associations, clubs, teachers associations, lawyers bar councils, sports clubs,
nongovernmental organizations, and self-help groups were met by the candidate individually;
and he requested their support. These meetings received excellent media
coverage. Dinners and picnics were also arranged for these people.
When the chief ministerial aspirant, Y. S. Rajashekar Reddy’s walkathon reached
Madakasira, the candidate joined this yatra (spiritual journal). This was made special
by arranging a white-colored convoy of 336 cars that traveled through the 336 villages
across the constituency. This was a very impressive sight and afforded ample media
coverage.
People in this constituency are also devotees of Sri Sathya Sai Baba of Puttaparthy.
So an event was organized by the candidate where Baba’s message was given to the
people.
The candidate visited Tirupathi and other major South Indian temples, and during
his darshan (to see) of the deity, flowers offered to the statue of the god fell. This was
considered a good omen, and what had transpired spread by word of mouth like wildfire,
with many people believing that even the local deities had blessed Raghuveera Reddy, that even God was on his side, and that he could not be defeated. This made
major news in the local press and had a positive impact on the voters.
There is a superstition in Andhra Pradesh that people with skin problems should
not rule the state because this brings famine and bad luck. The then-incumbent chief
minister, Chandra Babu Naidu, suffers from a pigmentation problem; and in his two
terms of rule, there had been no rains, only famine. The day he resigned from his post
there were showers throughout the state. The candidate highlighted and publicized
this in the constituency and, thus, received press attention.
When Telugu Desam Party President Chandrababu Naidu came to visit
Madakasira, supporters of the INC candidate did not allow him entry into the town.
From his air base to the place where he was scheduled to address a rally, people slept
on the ground so that his car could not pass. He had no choice but to leave. Even the
police could not help him to address his rally. This was, again, a major event that got
full coverage in the media and was on the front pages for nearly 3 days in local
newspapers.
Because the State Assembly and Parliament elections were held together,
Nizzamuddin, the parliamentary candidate, campaigned jointly with Raghuveera
Reddy. This campaign was called the Hindu-Muslim bahi-bhai campaign and became
a major media event.
Apart from all this, there were hundreds of press conferences where the press was
given “gossip news” about the opposition party.
When the results of the May elections were announced, Raghuveera Reddy had
won by a handsome margin, defeating the nearest rival by more than 1 lakh (100,000)
votes. He is currently the minister for agriculture in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
K. Sai Prasaad is currently professor of marketing and management communications at Convergence Institute
of Media, Management and Information Technology Studies, Bangalore, India. A management graduate
and an experienced journalist, he is an expert in curriculum design and consults with several corporate
groups on communication matters. He undertakes internal communication audits for companies and communication
training and development program for faculty of management colleges. He believes in balancing
professional requirements with human values and is currently working on a synopsis for a Ph.D. program in
customer relationship management.
Ramya Raghupathy is currently exploring opportunities to be an independent filmmaker of offbeat films in
English and Hindi. After graduating from Convergence Institute of Media, Management and Information
Technology Studies with a specialization in public relations and corporate communications, she was an
independent communications consultant before she entered the world of film. She has a political back ground, with her family active in politics.
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